vocabulary

1. Instrumental (adjective) – relating to measuring instruments.
2. Aggravate (verb) – intensify, increase; worsen/compound.
3. Rely on (phrasal verb) – depend, reckon, bank.
4. Sea ice (noun) – it is frozen ocean water.
5. Ice sheet (noun) –  permanent layer of ice covering polar region.
6. Compound (verb) – intensify, increase, aggravate/worsen.
7. Vicious (adjective) – serious, dangerous, dreadful.
8. Dark area/surface (noun) –  area/ surface (e.g., rocks and open sea water) which leading to more solar absorption in the Arctic. These surfaces eventually uncovered by the impurities [such as dust, microorganisms, BC (black carbon) & GHGs (greenhouse gases)] melt snow or ice in Arctic.
9. Phenomena (noun) – plural form of phenomenon (phenomenon – occurrence, event, happening).
10. Climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth (Courtesy: NASA).
11. Drought (noun) – dry spell/period, lack of rain, shortage of water.
12. Biodiversity (noun) – existence of many different kinds of plants and animals in an environment (Courtesy: VOA Learning English).
13. Hearten (verb) – encourage/boost, comfort, reassure.
14. Renege on (verb) – default on, break, withdraw/retreat from.
15. Accord (noun) – agreement, treaty, pact/deal.
16. Unambiguous (adjective) – undeniable, unquestionable, unarguable.
17. Scale up (phrasal verb) – increase.
18. Renewable energy (noun) – energy generated from the natural resources (such as water, wind, solar energy)
19. Fossil-fuels (noun) – non renewable resources or fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are formed from buried /deposited organic materials.
20. Credible (adjective) – convincing, acceptable; reasonable.
21. Unlock (verb) – make something available (for use).
22. Livestock (noun) – farm animals (cattle, goats & etc).
23. Vulnerable (adjective) – endangered, unsafe, unprotected.